**** Camouflage and masking

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Camouflage and masking refer to a superstrate form used with a substrate meaning or function. An example is "wa," which resembles not only English "one," but a number of African constructions as well, most notably the noun class marker "wa" in Kikongo. It is generally glossed as an indefinite article, but often it serves other functions, having no English correlates, that are related to limiting nouns, but not in the same way as are articles.

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recutting--after Labov, 1989: changing morpheme boundaries--I'd rather==>A Druther

camouflage in pronomial and modal systems--see Baugh, 1989 [in Ferrarra, etc eds. Linguistic Change and Contact--Austin 1988?] and Arthur Speasrs, "Black English Auxiliary 'Come'" in Language 58: 850-72), 1982)-- take gEnglish-appearing surface form but use in African manner.5.

VEB often uses English SS arising from non-Eng SD--6.

Sutcliffe, David, M. Ed. _System in black language_.